X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition, chemical state and electronic state of the elements in materials. XPS spectra are obtained by irradiating materials with a beam of X-rays while simultaneously measuring the kinetic energy and number of electrons that escape from the top 1 to 10 nm of the material being analyzed. XPS requires ultra-high vacuum conditions.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a technique that study magnetic properties of materials with unpaired electrons at solid state phyics.

Photoluminescence (abbreviated as PL) is a process in which a substance absorbs photons and then re-radiates photons. This can be described as an excitation to a higher energy state and then a return to a lower energy state accompanied by the emission of a photon. This is one of many forms of luminescence and is distinguished by photoexcitation. Photoluminescence measument system is a combination of LASER(He-Cd or Ar), spectrometer, beam swift system and mini-cryostat that make low temperature environment.

Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, in the nuclear laboratory and nuclear process, and in geochemical, astrophysical and other radiation measurement contexts.

Most radioactive sources produce gamma rays of various energies and intensities. When these emissions are collected and analyzed with a gamma-ray spectroscopy system, a gamma-ray energy spectrum can be produced.